A general, necessary and sufficient condition for the occurrence of anodal excitation is given on the basis of Rashevsky's two-factor theory of excitation, expressions for the anodal rheobase and the minimal shock intensity following as simple special cases.

On the basis of the recently proposed new fundamental equation of mathematical biophysics, a suggestion is made for a theory of the formation of a primitive cell from nonliving material. The discussion includes a suggestion for a quantitative formulation of the degree of biological organization. It is shown that according to the fundamental equation of mathematical biophysics, organization of the nonliving material may spontaneously increase under certain conditions, leading to a formation of a primitive organism. This process however, is a very slow one, requiring time intervals of several years or even decades. This may account for the failure in observing or artificially producing spontaneous generation.

Zusammenfassung

Eine mathematische Funktion wird für den Praktiker erst dann von Bedeutung, wenn sie ihm durch eine unmittelbar brauchbare Funktionentafel erschlossen ist. Da an meinem Lehrstuhle häufig umfangreiche Rechnungen mit elementaren und höheren Transzendenten durchgeführt werden, so konnte alles Erdenkliche geschehen, um die Tafeln auf die verschiedensten Bedürfnisse der Anwendung abzustellen.

Summary

5-Bromosalicylaldehyde and 3:5-dibromosalicylaldehyde have both been condensed with malonic acid in the presence of pyridine as well as in its entire absence, and the yields are on the whole greater than were obtained from the condensation of salicylaldehyde with malonic acid in the presence of pyridine, the highest being 92·5%. Perkin's reaction gave different products altogether and in much smaller yields.