Zusammenfassung

Nicht erst durch das aufsehenerregende Urteil zur Beschneidung von Knaben des LG Köln ist deutlich geworden, dass die Rechtsanwendung im Bereich der Körperverletzungsdelikte auch nach jahrzehntelangen Debatten immer noch spektakuläre Kurswechsel ermöglicht. Gerade im Kontext ärztlichen Handelns wird die bisherige Auslegung der Körperverletzungsdelikte immer wieder hinterfragt und neu justiert. Derzeit ist etwa die Tatbestandsmäßigkeit rein psychischer Beeinträchtigungen verstärkt in den Fokus geraten, aber auch die Qualifikation von ärztlichen Heilbehandlungen als Körperverletzungen und die Konkretisierung bestimmter Voraussetzungen an eine wirksame Einwilligung bleiben weiterhin umstritten.

This Chapter begins with a brief introduction of the social capital theory. The explanations of social capital by three seminal figures—Pierre Bourdieu, James Coleman and Robert Putnam, who are considered to have contributed much to the conceptualization of social capital—are reviewed in the first section of this Chapter. At the same time, since Nan Lin has contributed to the theoretical development, devised measurements and conducted empirical research in the areas of social networks and social capital, this Chapter also reviews his point of view on the concept of social capital. Then, this Chapter moves on to another conceptual tool: social trust. It discusses the role of social trust in various terms, especially in economic growth. A pair of relevant concepts, namely “personal trust” and “institutionalized trust”, is explained in the second section. Further, this Chapter elaborates a distinctive notion of Guanxi in China, followed by the explanation on the impacts of Guanxi on the Chinese Business Culture. In light of these concepts, this Chapter proposes a hypothesis which can explain at least a part of the issue on ownership of trust property in China. In addition, a short section in this chapter explains the Social Network theory and the Social Network Analysis.

Stressing the special resonances of human dignity as a founding principle in the juridical (especially constitutional) discourse in Portugal, the chapter considers the following points: meaning(s) of human dignity; human dignity as a principle; the juridical subjects of human dignity and the refusal of different dignities; human dignity and temporality; human dignity, the Constitutional state and some constitutional principles; human dignity: history, texts and conceptions; human dignity: the insight of the Constitutional Court; human dignity and the “jurisprudence of crisis”. Last but not least, some challenges to human dignity are mentioned as well.

This chapter examines the three most influential abstract conceptions of the legal person, in order to clarify and distinguish their meanings and also to show that each is a derivation from the male case. The legal person, at its most abstract, is the formal legal fiction, comprising formal rights and duties. The second abstraction is more loosely tethered to law. This is the person as the basic component of legal, political and social analysis: the person as basic irreducible analytical unit. The third abstraction of the person is a composite of positive law, consisting of the formal elements of any given law. In the case of criminal law, for example, there are offence and defence elements, there are definition and interpretation sections, which build up a kind of person for the purpose of this law. All three abstractions of the person are meant to be neutral as to sex and this neutrality is vital for their claims of universal application and fairness. I show why they are not.

This chapter on South Africa critically analyses the evolution of the concept of the best interests of the child, and specifically how it pertains to the fields of care (custody), contact (access), guardianship and maintenance (support), which are all part of parents’ responsibilities and rights, and impact on the legal position of Muslim children. This chapter compares and contrasts Muslim Personal Law (MPL) and practices pertaining to children with those of South African law in order to ascertain whether they comply with, conflict with or compromise the ‘best interests’ concept paramount in, and permeating, South African law in general and international and regional instruments. In doing so, the chapter reviews the position of Muslim children and the milestones in child law in South Africa prior to and since democracy with a focus on three pieces of legislation since democracy: the Constitution (1996), the Children’s Act (2005) and the Muslim Marriages Bill (MMB) (2010).

India’s Environment is in a poor state. Even its sacred river, the Ganga, is plagued with over-pollution. Some actions were taken since the 1980s but none were entirely successful. It will be argued in this article that looking at the incentive structure laid down by environmental regulationEnvironmental regulation could explain most of the failure while also offering some insights on how to improve things. More especially private enforcementPrivate enforcement will appear as an option to the failures of public enforcement.

Zusammenfassung

Arbeitsrechtliche Fragestellungen treten im Praxis- und Klinikalltag nahezu alltäglich auf. Dies gilt sowohl für den Arzt als Praxisinhaber und somit Arbeitgeber als auch für den Arzt als Arbeitnehmer. Daher sollte jeder Arzt unabhängig von seiner Position die wichtigsten arbeitsrechtlichen Strukturen kennen.

Article 13 of Directive 2004/48/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 29 April 2004 on the enforcement of intellectual property rights must be interpreted as not precluding national legislation, such as that at issue in the main proceedings, under which the holder of an intellectual property right that has been infringed may demand from the person who has infringed that right either compensation for the damage that he has suffered, taking account of all the appropriate aspects of the particular case, or, without him having to prove the actual loss, payment of a sum corresponding to twice the appropriate fee which would have been due if permission had been given for the work concerned to be used.