The effect produced by veratrine on transmembrane potential was investigated in five distinct regions of the isolated rat diaphragm blocked with eitherd-tubocurarine or α-bungarotoxin. It was found that small (0.4μg/ml) and large (2.0μg/ml) doses of veratrine depolarize only two or three of these regions. With the use of a very large (10.0μg/ml) dose depolarization occured in all five regions of the diaphragm but the effect was much larger in those areas of the muscle fibre membrane which were selectively depolarized by the smaller ones. These results clearly indicate either an unequal distribution of sodium channels activated by veratrine or differences in sodium channel density in distinct areas of the muscle fibre membrane. Supersensitivity of veratrinized muscles to potassium was confirmed. However, the sensitiveness to the depolarizing action of potassium was only increased in the regions of the diaphragm partially depolarized by veratrine. This suggests that partial depolarization of the muscle fibre membrane was actually the cause of the supersensitivity. The possible involvement of potassium and of the unequal depolarization of the muscle fibre membrane in the veratrine response is considered.

We have used genomic DNA from human or mouse cells as a calcium phosphate precipitate to transfect three different respiration-deficient Chinese hamster mutant cell lines with defects in complex I of the electron transport chain. Transformants were selected in DMEM containing galactose, a medium in which respiration-deficient cells do not grow. Evidence for the DNA-mediated transformation of these respiration-deficient cells with a putative complex I gene includes: (1) the clones are respiration-positive and respire at rates comparable to those of wild-type human, hamster, or mouse cells; (2) the clones have rotenone-sensitive NADH oxidase activities, indicating a functional complex I of the electron transport chain; and (3) the clones appear to be true transformants, as demonstrated by hybridization and Southern blot analyses. These experiments provide the basis for the isolation and subsequent characterization of several of the genes involved with complex I of the mammalian electron transport chain.

Probably the most striking example of uniformity in the neuronal fabric of the brain is that present in the cerebellar cortex. Its connectivity and neuronal circuitry have an almost crystal-like structural organization. An example of the former is the precise distribution of the synaptic inputs onto the soma and dendrites of the cerebellar cortical neurons at the most superficial stratum, the molecular layer (cf. Palay and Chan-Palay 1974). At the neuronal circuit level the parallel fibers course in parallel to the cerebellar surface, the basket cell axons run orthogonally with respect to the direction of the parallel fibers, and all dendrites in the molecular layer run radially towards the surface of the cortex. This organization gives the cerebellar cortex a tridimensional matrix structure. As observed from the surface, the x axis is the direction of the parallel fibers, the y axis the direction of the basket cell axons, and the z axis the direction of the Purkinje cell dendrites (Ramón y Cajal 1911). In addition, since the descriptions by Ramón y Cajal (1888) it has been well known that the Purkinje cell dendrites are close to isoplanar and that the dendritic plane is oriented orthogonally with respect to the parallel fibers (Fig. 1).

Summary

Three recent wild-type H1N1 influenza virus isolates (A/USSR/90/77, A/Fiji/15899/83 and A/Firenze/13/83) replicated poorly in organ cultures of ferret bronchial tissue compared with the replication of an H3N2 wild-type virus (A/England/939/69). All four viruses replicated well in nasal turbinate tissue. Examination of one H1N1 virus (A/USSR/90/77)in vivo showed heavy infection in the upper respiratory tract of ferrets but little in the lower respiratory tract. These results raise the possibility that the mildness of human influenza arising from the H1N1 strains may be due to lack of capacity to attack the lower respiratory tract as well as the presence of antibody in previously exposed persons.

The body’s cells require a stable internal environment in which to carry out their functions despite variations in the external environment to which the body is exposed. The maintenance of a stable internal environment is accomplished by complex regulatory devices involving the endocrine system and the autonomic subdivision of the nervous system. Not only do these systems function to maintain homeostasis, but they also permit the individual to respond quickly to the requirements for increased energy use when the situation demands mobilization of the body’s resources.

The purpose of this study was to determine the risk of developing complications in paraplegics taking part in sport. It is a retrospective study of patients with complete spinal cord injury at the spinal level of C7—cauda equina/conus injury, and consists of 61 patients admitted to the Beitøstolen Healthsportcenter, Norway.

All of them had achieved satisfactory bladder /bowel function. The wheelchair dependents were all skilled in the use of the wheelchair. They participated in a training programme with an average duration of 25 days. Different activities were tried, such as weight-lifting, pulking, swimming, volleyball, calisthenics in a group, horseback-riding, archery, tabletennis, canoeing, totalling 11 955 training hours.

During the training period the following complications were observed: urinary tract infections, pressure sores, and sprains and strains. There were 30 complications, most of them only of minor type.

The incidence of complications, expressed as number of complications/1000 training-hours was, for urinary tract infections—0,50, pressure sores 0,42, sprains/ strains 1,33, others 0,25: in all 2,51.

Sprains and strains were the most common complications, accounting for about 55 per cent of the total, all of which were successfully treated before discharge. Sport activities are an important part of the rehabilitation of the spinal cord injured and the risk of serious complications appears to be low.