Aerobic methane-oxidizing bacteria (methanotrophs) have the unique ability to grow on methane as their sole source of carbon and energy. They are ubiquitous in the environment and play a major role in the removal of the greenhouse gas methane from the biosphere before it is released into the atmosphere. The ability to drive oxygen-dependent methane oxidation was once assumed to be an exceptional property of a very restricted set of microbes belonging to two classes of Proteobacteria: Alphaproteobacteria and Gammaproteobacteria. While Proteobacteria still form the foundation of the methanotrophic landscape in many ecosystems, the ability to oxidize methane has also been demonstrated in the microbial phyla Verrucomicrobia and Candidatus Methylomirabilis oxyfera (phylum NC10). Over the years various methanotrophs have also been isolated, including facultative methanotrophs, extremophile species, and anaerobes, thus expanding both the taxonomic diversity and physiological range of methanotrophy. In addition, a number of cross-species interactions that enable efficient methane utilization have been identified, changing the way we view mechanisms of methane utilization. Finally, a thorough revision of core metabolic pathways has been made, and whole-genome metabolic models have been constructed, which facilitate the metabolic engineering of methanotrophic bacteria and expand the potential for their biotechnological applications.

The high altitude bee, Apis laboriosa Smith significantly differs from the close phylogenetic relative A. dorsata Fabricius in colour and shape of the abdomen, the endophalli of male genitalia, nucleotide sequence of the mitochondrial protein coding genes, chemical constituents of the cephalic and abdominal endocrine glands, nesting pattern, foraging and mating behaviour to distinguish them as separate species. They are found to construct single combed exposed nests under rock ledges in altitude ranging from 1200 to 3500 m above mean sea level from northern India to northern Vietnam. Current research trend shows the need of special attention for maximum possible and better quality agricultural and horticultural yield using A. laboriosa as it is known to pollinate a number of crops and fruits. General aspects of A. laboriosa to create sensitivity towards conservation of this species native to high altitude Himalayan foothills before being stressed by honey hunting, changing agricultural practices and crowding of natural enemies have also been focussed here.

The early history of life harbours many unresolved evolutionary questions, none more important than the genomic origin and cellular evolution of eukaryotes. An issue central to eukaryote origin concerns the position of eukaryotes in the tree of life and the relationship of the host lineage that acquired the mitochondrion some two billion years ago to lineages of modern-day archaea. Recent analyses indicate that the host lineage branches within the Archaea, prompting the search for novel archaeal lineages that can improve our understanding of the cellular evolution of eukaryotes. Here we give a brief review of the studies on Archaea, the tree of life and the cellular evolution of eukaryotes, which is followed by an overview of recent progress fueled by new genomic technologies and recent status of archaeal research in China. Future directions for the study of early evolution are considered.

Queen reproductive potential (=quality) impacts the health and productivity of honey bee colonies. To determine the factors that affect reproductive quality during development, we tested queens produced under larval treatments by supplementing the diet with juvenile hormone (JH), additional sugars, or both, compared to untreated control. Furthermore, we varied the age of the larvae that were grafted (1 and 3 days old). We analyzed newly emerged virgin queens for their morphological characters as proxies for their reproductive potential. We found that the application of a sugar-enriched diet in combination with JH application onto 1st instar queen larvae produced higher-quality queens, while for 3rd instar larvae only the JH treatment resulted in increasing queen quality. For mated queens, those treated with JH plus supplemented sugars showed a significantly higher sperm count and sperm viability. Our findings demonstrate that honey bee queen reproductive potential can be increased through diet supplementation.

Exceptional natural phenomena, such as those that occur during a total solar eclipse, provide unique opportunities to study animal behavior outside the naturally evolved context, which can be informative in more general terms. Circumstantial descriptions of abnormal animal behavior during solar eclipses abound, although scientific studies conducted during an eclipse are relatively rare due to inherent logistical difficulties. Here, honey bee foraging and homing behavior were studied during the total solar eclipse of August 21, 2017. In the first experiment, we studied foraging behavior of honey bees during the progression of the solar eclipse and found that the foraging activity drastically decreased but did not completely cease during the totality of the eclipse, in contrast to previous reports of complete cessation. The data indicate that the level of ambient light can largely overrule the internal circadian rhythm of foraging honey bees. Furthermore, colonies with a higher need for foraging decreased their foraging activity less than satiated colonies, consistent with the hypothesis that individual foraging decisions may be influenced by colony state, which affects cost-benefit analyses. In a second experiment, the temporal dynamics of homing of released workers and drones was compared in periods before, during, and after the solar eclipse. During the totality of the eclipse, very few bees arrived back at their hive, while homing before the total eclipse was accelerated, particularly in drones. The results suggest that, while the homing abilities of honey bees are not compromised until the sun is completely eclipsed, they may still interpret the diminishing light as an indicator of deteriorating flight conditions. Our unique study provides some insight into the control of honey bee foraging behavior when external cues and internal circadian rhythms are at odds, lent support to the notion that food deprivation can lead to riskier foraging, and indicated that homing in honey bees is possible even with very small amounts of sunlight.

This chapter focuses on how metagenomic data are applied to examine the genomic heterogeneity of natural microbial populations. It highlights the opportunities and challenges inherent to the approach and describes recently developed methods to maximally leverage the potential of these datasets while tackling some of the challenges. We describe how performing population genomic analyses using metagenomic data allows (1) resolution of ecologically and genetically cohesive populations in the environment, (2) tracking of evolutionary processes within them, and (3) application of metatranscriptomic and metaproteomic analyses to determine the in situ physiology of distinct populations. While challenges remain that are inherent to the approach, the current wave of new bioinformatic tools is starting to realize the theoretical potential of metagenomics to peer into the spatiotemporal dynamics of the genetic structure of natural populations.

We examine the origin of honey bee (Apis mellifera) populations in Kangaroo Island (Australia), Norfolk Island (Australia) and the Kingdom of Tonga using a highly polymorphic mitochondrial DNA region and a panel of 37 single nucleotide polymorphisms that assigns ancestry to three evolutionary lineages: Eastern Europe, Western Europe and Africa. We also examine inbreeding coefficients and genetic variation using microsatellites and mitochondrial sequencing. The honey bees of Kangaroo Island have a high proportion of Eastern European ancestry (90.2%), consistent with claims that they are of the subspecies A. m. ligustica. The honey bees of Norfolk Island also had a majority of ancestry from Eastern Europe (73.1%) with some contribution from Western Europe (21.2%). The honey bees of Tonga are mainly of Western European (70.3%) origin with some Eastern European ancestry (27.4%). Despite the suspected severe bottlenecks experienced by these island population, inbreeding coefficients were low.

Using machine data for improving the service business offers new potentials for differentiation to manufacturing firms. However, the development of industrial Smart Service concepts is a rather complex task: Different elements (e.g. technologies, digital services and personal services) have to be considered together and customer requirements for these new offers are often unknown. In this context, testing the newly developed Smart Service concepts can help manufacturing companies to avoid development failures and to ensure their value. The focus of our paper is to introduce a new approach for testing industrial Smart Service concepts on their perceived quality for potential customers. The approach includes a process model, an evaluation framework that includes criteria derived from existing approaches and specific Smart Service items.

Methane oxidation by methanotrophs is a very important environmental process in the mitigation of methane. Methylobacter (Mtb.) clade 2 members have been reported as dominant methane oxidisers in soils and sediments worldwide. We enriched and purified a methanotroph from a tropical rice field soil sample from India. The highly enriched culture showed the presence of motile, long and thick rods (3–5 µm × 0.9–1.2 µm) and minor presence of short, thin rods. The culture was purified on agarose medium and formed yellow colonies which showed the presence of only thick and long rods, henceforth termed as strain KRF1. Based on 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, strain KRF1 shows close phylogenetic affiliation to Methylobacter tundripaludum SV96^T (98.6% similarity). Due to the taxonomic novelty, and being the first member of Mtb. related to Mtb. tundripaludum from the tropics, the draft genome was sequenced. From the blastx analysis of the contigs, it was clear that the culture still had contamination of another organism, a Methylophilus species. The data binned in two clear bins: Mtb. related contigs and Methylophilus-related contigs. The binned draft genome of KRF1 shows features including the typical pathways for methane metabolism, denitrification and the presence of molybdenum iron and vanadium-iron nitrogenase genes. KRF1 is phylogenetically distinct from the five strains of Mtb. tundripaludum including SV96^T, Lake Washington strains and OWC strains, showing ~ 26% DDH and ~ 81% ANIb values and a unique position in a phylogenomic tree. Subsequently, KRF1 has been completely purified from its methylotrophic partner and a pure culture has been established and maintained in a WDCM approved culture collection, the MACS Collection of Microorganisms (as MCM 1471). KRF1 is thus the first cultured member of a putative novel species of Methylobacter clade 2 isolated from the tropics.